Abstract:Passive low energy buildings are one of the important development directions for the transformation to low carbon and green development of China’s construction industry. The development status, future development opportunities and challenges of passive ultra low energy buildings in China are summarized.The development history and key demonstration projects of passive low energy buildings, the support policies of the state, provinces and cities, and the preparation and implementation of national and local standards are introduced. Finally, the technical, policy and economic issues emerging in the development of passive low energy buildings are discussed and the future development is expected.

Abstract:Demand response（DR）is an important part of demand side management（DSM）. Choosing the suitable users to participate in demand response is a key issue in the implementation of demand response. Firstly, the user satisfaction model is developed,in which the satisfaction of the user’s electricity consumption and the satisfaction of the electricity expenditure are both taken into account. Then, based on the characteristics of different load on the user side, a capacity model that users can participate in adjustment under different response levels is constructed. Thus, an integer programming model for automatic screening of users in demand response is proposed, which can be solved by using the branch and bound method. Finally, by using the case study, the usefulness and feasibility of the model is illustrated, which shows that the strategy is fair and effective.

Abstract:An optimization model of peak valley price interval of electric vehicles based on comprehensive index is presented considering the problem of guiding the orderly charging and discharging of electric vehicles to reduce the peak valley difference.A random charging and discharging model based on travel habits and an orderly charging and discharging model based on peak valley price time interval are respectively established, based on which, an optimization model is proposed whose optimization objective considers both peak valley difference improvement and users’satisfaction of power consumption mode. An optimal peak valley price time interval scheme is obtained using genetic algorithm. An example shows that the scheme obtained can guarantee users’satisfaction while reducing the peak valley difference.

Abstract:Considering the increment of air conditioning electricity consumption, air conditioning load aggregators（ALA）are prone to participate in bidding electricity market by managing enormous quantity and dispersive air conditioning load （AL）,which not only reduces load peak valley difference, but also provides the opportunity for AL to take part in power market bidding.This work adopts reference price effect from behaviour economics to depict electricity consumption preference. A bilevel optimization method is established. The upper level problem aims to maxi mize the social welfare, while the lower level aims to maximize the ALA benefits based on consumers’preference. Karush Kuhn Tucker condition is applied to transfer the complex bilevel problem to a solvable single level problem. Case studies are provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.

Abstract:The new electric power system reform will open up retail electricity business, which will form the electric power market pattern of“multi buyer multi seller”by means of building diversified competitive market. Firstly, the market structure, implementation effects and implementation experience of major foreign countries after retail electricity side opening is studied, and then the contrast of market model before and after retail electricity side opening is analyzed. Secondly, the market operation mechanism after retail electricity side opening is studied. On this basis, the new model of retail electricity market based on user’s side is built, and the platform architecture of retail electricity trading which will face retail electricity subject and users is made. Finally, the market risk and supervision strategy after retail electricity side opening is analyzed.

Abstract:The road lighting system with high pressure sodium lamp as the main body is researched and reconstructed, and a new lighting renovation scheme based on the energy management contracting（EMC）mode with high efficiency LED lamps is put forward. The working principle of LED lights driving power supply is introduced, the advantages of the EMC mode of the contract is analyzed, the scheme of road lighting renovation is explained, and the effect of the implementation is expounded. This scheme realizes the effect of zero input and energy saving and environmental protection of the user’s transformation process. At the same time, it also realizes the goal of the energy saving service company’s allocation of resources to increase the income, and makes both sides share the economic benefits brought by the electric energy saving.

Abstract:The access of distributed generation to distribution network will lead to the change of power flow, power transmission loss and load rate of the distribution network, which makes the network loss allocation more complicated. Based on the principle of traditional line loss allocation, a comprehensive overview of the existing methods of line loss distribution is presented based on proportion sharing, market economy and sensitivity coefficient analysis,and the possible problems of each method after considering the distributed power supply are put forward. Furthermore, the new trend of loss allocation of distribntion network with DG is prospected in the aspects of improving the traditional method of network loss allocation, exploring new methods of network loss allocation, considering the operation efficiency of distribution network, considering the influence of distributed power to distribution network, etc.

Abstract:The load forecast using optimized support vector machine was proposed based on accumulated temperature effect.The correction model of temperature was established based on study of two forms of accumulated temperature effects. In order to improve prediction accuracy, optimized support vector machine was adopted to forecast load. Finally, with the data of a region in Jiangsu as history data, least squares was adopted to obtain optimal parameters, and then the correction of temperature was used into the above method to forecast load. The results show high prediction accuracy and have good prospect.

Abstract:Electric heating projects are important objects of power demand side management, which are conducive to improving atmospheric environment and promoting new energy power consumption. Economy is the decisive factor to promote construction of electric heating projects. In order to promote the healthy development of electric heating in China, the analysis model of critical tariff was created. The reasonable model boundary conditions were determined by investigation. Economy of centralized electric heating projects such as regenerative electric boiler projects, centralized air source heat pump projects, ground source （water source） heat pump projects in Beijing under catalogue tariff settlement method and unchangeable difference of purchase and sale price settlement method was studied. Based on the results of calculation and analysis, policy recommendations for promoting the construction of electric heating projects was put forward.

Abstract:In order to analyze the economics of electric energy substitution by users, a multi?agent economic analysis model based on cost flow is constructed. The economics of multiple participants is analyzed in the process of electric energy substitution reform. Taking the user as the main body, the calculation model of the critical electricity price based on the annual value analysis of the cost is constructed. Taking the government as the main body,the environmental benefit analysis model is constructed. Considering the economic benefits of different entities, an energy substitution economic analysis model based on financial evaluation index is constructed, and specific energy substitution cases are selected and analyzed.

Abstract:Firstly, the basic situation of Guiyuan hotel project was described. Secondly, the design process of electric boiler system with phase change thermal storage was presented, such as heat load analysis and choice of equipment model. Finally, the process of construction and application effect was introduced. Implement of similar projects may benefit from the analysis.

Abstract:Due to the lack of competition and unbalanced demand/supply situation in the current power market, deregulating the power sale market has become the core of further reform of the electric power system. Its key task is to balance supply and demand by introducing competition on the demand side, releasing user selection and dynamically integrating demand?side resources.Therefore, demand side management（DSM）has become the key technology for orderly release of power sale market. Based on the gradual deregulation of the power sale market in China’s current electric reform, the resulting multi?buyer?multi?seller market structure is revealed. Secondly, the key technologies and implementation obstacles of DSM are reviewed in detail. Thirdly, it is discussed how to promote and develop the DSM through competitive market mechanism and flexible market environment brought by the opening of the sale side. Fourthly, the successful applications of DSM in the international power market are introduced. Finally,based on the national conditions, the implementation stages and recommendations for the DSM are proposed under the condition of deregulated power sale market.

Abstract:Guizhou Power Trading Center conducted a survey and analysis of the current status of the construction of the credit rating model of the power trading market in Guizhou Province. Taking the electricity sales enterprises and large electric power users as examples, the specific method and implementation process of constructing the credit rating model of the main body of the electricity market by using the combination of Delphi method and AHP are described in detail, and the construction results are analyzed and relevant suggestions are put forward.

Abstract:Voltage loss is a common condition of the metering failure of the electric energy meter. Under the condition of voltage loss, the energy meter can not work properly, resulting in the overall measurement loss and less power. There are two methods for calculating the make?up electric power, namely the power ratio and current ratio calculation method, but due to the large error of the estimation results, the work cannot be carried out smoothly. A new method for the make?up electricity is proposed, which can realize more accurate power calculation results by reading the internal data of the electricity meter.The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve the accuracy of nearly 100% in the case of three?phase voltage balance.In addition, the method proposed can also be applied to the electric quantity settlement of the power meter screen.At present, this method has been successfully applied to the metrology related work of State Grid Tianjin Chengxi Power Supply Company.

Abstract:In the process of electricity market reform, the market construction of American and European electricity markets can provide important reference value for China. POOL, NETA and PJM electricity markets are taken as the examples to analyze the cost coverage in the process of electricity production. In the part of market composition, the trading mechanism of three markets are explained from a macro perspective. In the part of cost coverage, the cost generation and corresponding way of cost coverage is analyzed from three aspects：generation, transmission and distribution. The overall introduction and detailed comparisons from different aspects are combined to explain the electricity market models and rules under the different periods and market environment.