Robust optimization of multi-virtual power plants considering electric vehicle aggregation under a Stackelberg game
CSTR:
Author:
Affiliation:

1. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206 , China ;2. State Grid Shandong Integrated Energy Service Co., Ltd., Jinan 250001 , China

Clc Number:

TM73

Fund Project:

  • Article
  • |
  • Figures
  • |
  • Metrics
  • |
  • Reference
  • |
  • Related
  • |
  • Cited by
  • |
  • Materials
  • |
  • Comments
    Abstract:

    A bi-level Stackelberg game model is established for coordinated trading among multiple virtual power plants and the dispatch of aggregated electric vehicles. At the upper level, trading prices are optimized to maximize the net profit of the virtual power plant operator. At the lower level, the operating cost of each virtual power plant is minimized by coordinating micro-turbines, energy storage, wind power, interruptible loads and aggregated electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are modeled only as time-varying connected resources in VPP4. Charging and discharging uncertainty is addressed by robust optimization, and the bi-level model is solved by Bayesian optimization. Case studies show that electric vehicle aggregation improves local flexibility, dynamic pricing promotes inter-VPP trading, and robust optimization enhances dispatch stability.

    Reference
    Related
    Cited by
Get Citation

GAO Xinyuan, WANG Ruiqi, LIU Song, ZHANG Cunming, LI Yanzhen, ZHANG Shuai, ZHOU Hui. Robust optimization of multi-virtual power plants considering electric vehicle aggregation under a Stackelberg game[J].,2026,28(3):29-35.

Copy
Related Videos

Article Metrics
  • Abstract:
  • PDF:
  • HTML:
  • Cited by:
History
  • Received:January 09,2026
  • Revised:March 16,2026
  • Adopted:
  • Online: July 20,2026
  • Published:
Article QR Code