The residential heating load is the backbone of heating load, the quantitative study of the sensitivity of the heating load of residents to the temperature and the“Spring Festival”factors is conducive to the smooth development of the winter work in peak time, and the improvement of the energy utilization efficiency. Taking Anhui province as an example, based on the 24 point daily load data of urban and rural residential areas in Anhui province, the relationship between winter residential heating load, temperature and“Spring Festival”is studied and analyzed by building a piecewise linear representation gradient temperature maximum heating load model. The results show that the research accuracy is improved by using 24 point daily load data of Taiwan area as the data sample of research and analysis. The cumulative effect of continuous low temperature will lead to the increase of heating load of urban residents on working days in cold winter, while the“Spring Festival”effect will bring significant increase of heating load of rural residents.